Portillo F, Stanley EL, Branch WR, Conradie W, Rödel MO, Penner J, Barej MF, Kusamba C, Muninga WM, Aristote MM, Bauer AM, Trape JF, Nagy ZT, Carlino P, Pauwels OSG, Menegon M, Ineich I, Burger M, Zassi-Boulou AG, Mazuch T, Jackson K, Hughes DF, Behangana M, Greenbaum E. PLoS One. Blood samples were collected from the ventral tail vein using a 25‐gauge needle attached to a 1‐ml disposable syringe containing 10 mm ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). ScRF‐S19‐2558) from the Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University‐Kasetsart University (CASTNAR, NRU‐KU, Thailand) (No. Individual size variation within the same species was also found in the Z‐derived fragments in two species: G. oxycephalum and C. flavolineatus (Table 1). This is a very important feature when working with endangered species (Waits & Paetkau, 2005). Epub 2006 Oct 30. Using blood and non-invasive shed skin samples to identify sex of caenophidian snakes based on multiplex PCR assay. Animal care and all experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Experiment Committee, Kasetsart University, Thailand (approval no. The present results of the three sexing markers could also be applied to identify the sex of individuals in new snake species as a simple procedure for males and females. Caenophidian relationships have been reviewed recently by Vidal 〚11〛 and the reader is referred to this paper for additional references.Earlier concepts of snake evolution placed the Caenophidia at the top of a stepwise progression of branching lineages going from the most primitive snakes to the most derived. BRC7/2557; Special Track Staff (STS), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Grant/Award Number: STS1/2558; Science Research Fund (ScRF), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Grant/Award Number: ScRF‐S19‐2558; National Research University‐Kasetsart University (CASTNAR, NRU‐KU, Thailand), Grant/Award Number: 6/2558 and 9/2559; the Fellowship of Capacity Building for Kasetsart University on Internationalization; Thailand Research Fund (TRF), Grant/Award Number: MSD60I0035 and PHD60I0014; Science Achievement Scholarship of Thailand (SAST), Grant/Award Number: 5917400296. Moreover, sex identification cannot be reliably determined in many squamate reptiles, because males and females have similar morphology, and morphological sexual dimorphism appears in the short period of time before mating (Frýdlová et al., 2011; Garland, 1985; Wangkulangkul, Thirakhupt, & Voris, 2005). 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